December 2025 Public Sector Governance, Policy and Administration Past Paper Answers

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CERTIFIED SECRETARIES (CS) INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNANCE, POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION
THURSDAY: 4 December 2025. Afternoon Paper. Time Allowed: 3 hours.

This paper consists of five (5) questions. Answer ALL questions. Marks allocated to each question are shown at the end of the question. Do NOT write anything on this paper.
QUESTION ONE
(a) Summarise THREE ways in which authority, power and influence complement each other in enhancing effective public administration. (6 marks)

(b) Examine THREE consequences of failing to effectively manage political environment pressures in public administration. (6 marks)
(c) Discuss FOUR strategies that could strengthen the enforcement of ethics and integrity frameworks in the public service. (8 marks)
(Total: 20 marks)
QUESTION TWO
(a) Identify FIVE benefits of stakeholder mapping in strengthening public policy formulation and implementation.
(5 marks)

(b) Explain FIVE principles that guide effective public policy formulation. (5 marks)
(c) Examine FIVE challenges faced in managing the relationship and coordination between National and County Governments in Kenya. (5 marks)

(d) Discuss FIVE ways in which performance contracting has contributed to improved service delivery in Kenya’s public sector. (5 marks)
(Total: 20 marks)
QUESTION THREE
(a) Highlight FOUR major causes of corruption in a country. (4 marks)

(b) Summarise FOUR roles of the Controller of Budget (COB) to County Governments. (8 marks)
(c) Assess FOUR features of values-based leadership in governance. (8 marks)
(Total: 20 marks)

QUESTION FOUR
(a) Explain FOUR types of public policies in your country. (4 marks)
(b) Recommend SIX strategies that county governments could use to effectively overcome challenges in enhancing public participation. (6 marks)

(c) Discuss FIVE roles that various stakeholders play in shaping and influencing public policy within a nation.
(10 marks)
(Total: 20 marks)

QUESTION FIVE
(a) Analyse FIVE elements of a typical public enterprise. (5 marks)
(b) Explain FIVE roles played by civic education in enhancing public participation in governance. (5 marks)

(c) Assess THREE classical and TWO neoclassical models of policy development. (10 marks)
(Total: 20 marks)
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